Kidney
23 markers in this category
Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR)
During pregnancy your kidneys work harder and albumin in the urine is followed closely, not least when blood pressure is raised.
Citrate
Urinary citrate plays a protective role against kidney stones and can be influenced by hormonal factors.
Creatinine
During the work of the muscles, creatine is broken down into creatinine, a waste product that the kidneys remove from the blood and pass into the urine, according to the NVKC.
Creatinine (Urine)
Urinary creatinine levels in women are influenced by body composition and hormonal factors.
Cystatin C
Cystatin C is a reliable kidney function marker for women across all life stages.
Microalbumin (Urine)
Microalbumin testing is especially relevant for women during pregnancy, when increased kidney workload can reveal underlying vulnerabilities.
Oxalate
Urinary oxalate monitoring supports women's kidney health.
Protein (Urine)
Proteinuria testing is particularly important for women during pregnancy, when pre-eclampsia can cause protein to appear in the urine.
Urea (BUN)
BUN is a kidney function marker that can be influenced by hormonal changes throughout a woman's life.
Urine Bilirubin
According to the NVKC, bilirubin is a breakdown product of haemoglobin, the protein from red blood cells, and the liver converts it into conjugated bilirubin, which leaves the body through the bowel and the stool.
Urine Blood
This dipstick result detects blood in the urine that may not be visible to the eye.
Urine Culture
Urine culture testing is especially relevant for women, as women are significantly more likely to develop UTIs due to anatomical factors.
Urine Glucose
Glucose is normally reabsorbed by the kidneys and is not present in urine.
Urine Ketones
Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose.
Urine Leukocytes
The immune system protects the body against foreign invaders, and leukocytes, the white blood cells, take part in that.
Urine Nitrite
Nitrite is not normally found in urine. Certain bacteria convert nitrate into nitrite, so a positive dipstick result can be a sign of a bacterial urinary tract infection.
Urine Screening
Urine screening is an essential component of women's health assessment.
Urine Sediment
Urine sediment analysis supports comprehensive urinary health evaluation for women.
Urine Sediment Leukocytes
Sediment leukocytes are white blood cells counted under the microscope in spun-down urine. A few are normal; a higher number can point to inflammation or infection in the urinary tract.
Urine Specific Gravity
Specific gravity reflects how concentrated your urine is, which is closely tied to how well hydrated you are. It typically ranges from about 1.002 to 1.035.
Urine Squamous Epithelial Cells
Squamous epithelial cells are large cells with an irregular shape and a small nucleus, which in a urine sample are thought to come from the genital surfaces, a 2020 US study writes.
Urine pH
Urine pH describes how acidic or alkaline your urine is. It naturally varies through the day with diet, hydration and other factors, and usually falls between roughly 4.5 and 8.0.
eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)
Your eGFR value tells you how many millilitres of blood your kidneys filter per minute, and in women that number deserves a separate reading in two life stages. eGFR stands for estimated glomerular filtration rate: not a measurement, but a calculation from your creatinine, your age and your sex.